I. Introduction

As more foreign-invested companies have come into the Korean market, dismissals of Korean branch managers have occurred more frequently. Generally, in cases where the branch manager represents a virtually-independent workplace in Korea, he or she can be regarded as a commissioned employer rather than an employee under an employment contract, and therefore not subject to employee protections under the Labor Standards Act. However, during the beginning stages of investment, there is a high possibility that branch managers of foreign companies may be considered employees in practice, since foreign companies generally start up Korean sales offices or liaison offices at the beginning. Later, the status of “employer” may be accepted for the branch manager as these offices gradually expand their business and become independent in corporate operation, management of personnel, and accounting.
In cases where the branch manager is an employee to whom the Labor Standards Act applies, the employer can only dismiss them for ‘justifiable reason’. In cases where he or she feels the dismissal has been unfair, the branch manager may seek legal remedy from the Labor Relations Commission in accordance with the remedy application process, which may include reinstatement, retroactive pay during the period of dismissal, or monetary compensation. Of course, if the branch manager is considered to have employer status, termination of commissioned relations is easier, in accordance with the details of the commission agreement signed by the foreign company head office and the branch manager. However, as the branch manager’s legal status is not always clear, a pragmatic approach which seeks peaceful resolution involving mutual compromise will help to avoid legal risk. One such approach is for a company to recommend resignation.
In this article, I will deal with the characteristics of branch managers in terms of both employee and employer, and then through an actual labor case, I will explore the use of company-recommended resignation as a way of resolving potentially difficult cases.

II. Determination of a Branch Manager’s Employment Status

1. A branch manager’s status according to the Labor Standards Act
The term “employee” in the Labor Standards Act means “a person who offers work to a business or workplace to earn wages, regardless of the kind of job he/she is engaged in.” Factors necessary to be considered an employee include ‘regardless of the kind of job’, ‘in a business or workplace’, and ‘a person who offers work…to earn wages.’ In the definition of “employee”, wages is the central concept , with the secondary factor being whether there is a subordinate relationship with an employer. This means that “employee” refers to a person who provides work in a subordinate relationship to earn wages.
As a Supreme Court ruling has stipulated, “Whether it is appropriate to regard a director as an employee defined by the Labor Standards Act has nothing to do with the manner in which the contract is made but whether the director was paid to provide a service that requires him to be subordinate to another. Regardless of whether he/she is holding the position or title of a company director or auditor, in the real sense or just in name, as long as he/she receives remuneration as compensation for providing a specific labor service under the direction and supervision of the employer or he/she receives remuneration as compensation for taking charge of a specific labor service under the direction and supervision of persons such as the representative director in addition to the duties assigned to him/her by the company, such a director can be regarded as an employee as defined by the Labor Standards Act.” This judicial ruling determines that whether a branch manager is an employer or not depends on whether or not he/she has independent operational authority.
In addition, the Supreme Court ruling suggests that the following items shall be considered substantially and collectively when determining whether a person is an employee or not:
1) Whether the Rules of Employment or service regulations apply to the person in question, and whether that person has been supervised or directed during his/her work performance specifically and individually by the employer;
2) Whether his/her working hours and workplaces are designated and restricted by the employer;
3) Who owns the equipment, raw materials, or working tools; and
4) Whether payment is remuneration for work, whether the basic wage or fixed wage is determined in advance and whether income tax is deducted for withholding.

2. Criteria for judgment on a branch manager’s status
Judicial rulings related to employee characteristics under the Labor Standards Act offer the following three guidelines:
(1) Employee status shall be decided by whether that person offers work to the employer as a subordinate of the employer in a business or workplace to earn wages in actual practice, regardless of the type of contract;
(2) Employee status shall be decided by actual practice regardless of whether the contract is an employment contract, a commissioned contract or service agreement under Civil Law. That is, employee status shall be determined by the substantial relations implemented in actual practice, not as stated in a formal contract format; and
(3) Employee status under the Labor Standards Act shall be decided by whether that person ‘provides labor service’ in a subordinate relationship. The subordinate relations shall be determined by considering several standard factors collectively.

III. Dismissal of a Branch Manager: A Case Study
1. Summary
A French law firm requested legal advice regarding the dismissal of a Korean branch manager at the Korean branch of a French company in early December 2014. The labor lawyer from this particular French law firm had received the necessary information regarding legal determination of the branch manager’s status, preparation of dismissal proceedings, details on legal risks, as well as practical methods on implementation of the dismissal, and was double-checking them by phone. Several days later, the vice-president of the Asia head office located in Tokyo, Japan, visited and made substantial inquiries about legal relations, the company’s responsibilities according to the employment contract, the dismissal process, required documents for dismissal, and advice on successfully terminating the employment relationship face to face. After making preparations based on this legal information, the vice-president met the branch manager on December 17 and terminated the employment relationship peacefully through a recommended resignation rather than outright dismissal.

2. Basic information on the branch manager
1) Number of employees for whom responsible: 100 (30 at the Seoul head office, 70 at the Busan plant)
2) Position and type of contract: President, employment contract signed in Korea
3) Nationality: Australian
4) Contract signing date: April 2, 2012 (Service period: 2 years and 8 months)
5) Basic annual salary: 300 million won plus 20% performance bonus
6) Status: Registered representative director with limited authority to operate company business at the Korean branch, and manage personnel and accounting
7) Articles related to termination in the employment contract: 60 days’ average wage for each service year in terms of severance pay; termination possible with 30 days advance notice in the event poor business performance is determined.

IV. Legal Review & Evaluation of the Case, and Use of Recommended Resignation

1. Legal review
In dealing with this case, I provided a legal review of the branch manager’s status to the labor lawyer of French law firm “A”